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J Neurointensive Care > Volume 1(1); 2018 > Article
Lee, Park, Park, Kang, Jung, Park, and Park: Analysis of Predisposing Factors of the Treatment of Patients with Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the factors that influence the determination of treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs), we retrospectively compared various well-known risk factors that are associated with future rupture for treated and observed groups.

Methods

Between January 2006 and December 2016, a total of 279 patients treated UIAs with surgical clipping or coil embolization have been included in this study. In the same period, 100 patients did undergo transfemoral cerebral angiograms and were initially managed with observation. Aneurysmal characteristics and patinets were compared between the treated and the observed group. The association between these factors and the decision of treatment was performed using a multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

279 patients with treated unruptured aneurysms and the observation group included 100 patients with unruptured aneurysms. A multivariate study revealed that young age (OR=0.959 / p=0.001), high aneurysms height, (OR=1.906 / p=0.002), daughter sac (OR=4.072 / p=0.001), location of aneurysms (anterior communicating artery (OR=3.729 / p=0.022) and middle cerebral artery bifurcation (OR=4.110 / p=0.009) were significantly associated with the treatment group when compared to the observation group.

Conclusion

Young age, a small aspect ratio, a large aneurysmal height, a daughter sac, and the location of aneurysm were strongly associated with the treatment of unruptured aneurysms.

INTRODUCTION

Autopsy studies have shown an occurrence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) incidences in approximately 5 percent of all performed autopsies6,13). 6 of 100,000 patients will have ruptured aneurysm induced subarachnoid hemorrhage each year in the USA1,17). UIAs are a cerebrovascular condition that are commonly diagnosed due to improved imaging techniques. While the rupture risk of UIAs leads many neurosurgeons to advise its preventive treatment, the management of patients with UIAs remains controversial. Surgeon preference and experience as well as morphologic and anatomic considerations play important roles in the debates that continue over the controversy about whether to treat UIAs. Many studies have reported that certain patient characteristics increase the risk of rupture, including old age, female gender, and Japanese or Finnish descent. Aneurysms characteristics that increase the risk of rupture are location at the posterior circulation and increasing size10,22,32,33). Thus, these factors affect the management of UIAs. In this study, we evaluated the association between these risk factors, which are involved in future rupture of UIAs and management decision.

METHODS

Patient selection and inclusion criteria

The treatment group included a total of 279 patients with UIAs and who were treated with surgical clipping or coil embolization between January 2006 and December 2016. In the same period, 100 patients who underwent transfemoral cerebral angiography (TFCA) and who were initially managed with observation were included in the observation group. Patients with UIAs who did not undergo TFCA were excluded16). Patients were also excluded if they had any of 1) Prior SAH, 2) symptomatic aneurysm, and 3) fusiform aneurysm. Clinical outcomes, aneurysmal characteristics (location, size, and morphological characteristics of lesions) and clinical presentation parameters, underlying disease were evaluated for both groups.

Analysis of aneurysmal characteristics

All UIAs were classified into the following categories based on location: 1. middle cerebral artery (MCA), 2. anterior communicating artery (ACoA) including distal anterior cerebral artery, 3. cavernous ICA, 4. internal carotid artery (ICA), 5. posterior communicating artery (PCoA), 6. Basilar top, and 7. vertebrobasilar artery (VBA). ICA included the location between the cavernous portion of ICA and the internal carotid artery bifurcation and the origin of the anterior choroidal artery, excluding those located at the origin of the posterior communicating. Aneurysmal factors included height, neck and width of aneurysm, which were measured via TFCA images. The maximum diameter was defined as the longest diameter of UIA. Aspect ratio means the ratio of height to neck (Fig. 1).

Analysis of the patients factors

The following factors of the patients with aneurysms, whether treated or not, were collected and analyzed to examine their relationships with treatment indication. Included patient factors were age, sex, underlying disease: hypertension (previously known, patient being treated with antihypertensive medications, or blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg during the nonacute phase), and diabetes mellitus (DM) (fasting glucose > 7 mmol/L or patient being treated with antidiabetic medication), smoking history
(current or past), alcohol history, and other diseases, such as history of ischemic stroke or cardiac disease (heart failure, arrhythmia). 18 patients of the treated group had multiple aneurysms (6.4%) and 7 patients of the observation group had multiplicity (7%). The total number of treated aneurysms was 297 and 108 aneurysms were observed.

Procedure: diagnosis and treatment methods

After patients were diagnosed with UIA through CT angiography or MR angiography, they were admitted and underwent the TFCA. Based on the results, medical staff (neurosurgeon and neuroradiologist) consulted with the patients and their caregivers to determine a treatment plan.
The methods of operation mean surgical clipping and endovascular treatment included coil embolization and stent assisted coiling26).

Analysis of post-operative state and follow up of observation group

In the treated group, the outcome of each patient was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) 1 month after the operation day. A Glasgow Outcome score of 5 indicates no disability, a score of 4 or 3 indicates both moderate disability, i.e., no need for assistance in everyday life, employment is possible but may require special equipment, and severe disability, i.e., severe injury with permanent need for help with daily living, a score of 1 to 2 indicates death or a persistent vegetative state. The mean follow up duration for the observation group was 33.66 month.

Statistical analysis

A statistical analysis was performed via binary logistic regression to analyze any independent association between the groups, and odds ratio (ORs) and their 95% confidence interval (CIs) were estimated. Both multivariate and univariate analysis were performed. The data are expressed as a mean ± standard deviation (SD). p-values of less than 0.05 (p<0.05) were considered statistically significant. Between-cohort comparisons of the distributions of baseline characteristics were done with the Chi-squared test for categorical variables and with the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. Analyses were performed with SPSS ver. 23.0 (IBM corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

Comparison of risk factors between the treatment and observation groups

Table 1 showed the comparison of patient and aneurysmal characteristics between the treated and observation groups.

Patient characteristics

A total of 279 patients with newly diagnosed aneurysms that underwent treatment for aneurysms were reviewed over a period of 10 years. The group included 84 men (31%) and 195 women (69%) with an average age of 58.49 years (± 10.71). The observation group consisted of 27 men (27%) and 73 women (73%) with an average of 61.9 years (± 11.11). Both groups together included 77 patients who were older than 70 years (19%). Age and smoke history were statistically association in comparison between treated and observation group (p=0.007 and 0.011, respectively). 268 patients had female gender, 216 patients had hypertension and 41 patients had diabetes mellitus, however their distribution between treated group and observation group was not statistically significant (p=0.610 for sex, p=0.242 for hypertension and p=0.708 for diabetes mellitus). The number of patients who with a history of drinking alcohol showed no difference between two groups (p=0.893).

Aneurysms characteristics

160 patients underwent surgical clipping and 119 patients underwent endovascular treatment. Mean neck size which was 3.60±1.51 in treated group, was not significant higher than the 3.34±1.78 of the observation group (p=0.153). However mean height was significantly different (5.13±3.39 in treated grup and 3.37±3.30 in observation group, p=0.001). The height of aneurysms was bigger than 5 mm in 94 patients. The mean width was also statistically higher in treated group (5.62±5.09) than observation group (4.08±3.77) (p=0.006). The maximum diameter (6.27±5.26 in treated group and 4.27±4.04 in observation group) and aspect ratio (1.46±0.79 in treated group and 1.18±1.61 in observation group) were also significantly difference (p=0.001 in maximum diameter and p=0.027 in aspect ratio, respectively). The most common location of aneurysms in the surgical clipping group was the MCA (49%, 79 patients), whereas that in the endovascular treatment group was the cavernous ICA (35%, 42 patients). The most common location of aneurysms in the observation group was the cavernous ICA artery (32%, 32 patients) and the MCA (19%, 19 patients). The distribution of location of UIA was significantly difference in AcoA (p=0.016), MCA (p=0.01), and cavernous ICA (p=0.001). A total of 61 patients had daughter sac, of which 56 patients were in the treated group and 5 patients were in the observation group. The ratio with daughter sac was statistically significant(p=0.001).

Postoperative mortality and morbidity

266 patients (95%) achieved a good outcome (Glasgow Outcome scale 5) at 1 month follow up. The mortality rate was 1%, and the overall surgical morbidity was 5%. In total 3 of the 279 patients died after the operation within 1 month. 1 death was due to intraoperative rupture and 2 due to sepsis. Twelve patients had a GOS of 4 after 1 month, these patients showed 3rd nerve palsy diplopia and short term memorial impairment. 2 patients had a GOS 3 or 2 and showed hemiparesis and severe cognitive dysfunction.

Association between risk factors of rupture and treatment

Tables 2 and 3 demonstrate the results of logistic regression analysis of associations between rupture risk factors and treatment. Univariate analyses showed that young patient age (OR=0.970, p=0.007), smoke history (OR=2.252, p=0.013), high height of aneurysms (OR=1.340, p=0.001), large width (OR=1.142, p=0.006), large maximum diameter (OR=1.192, p=0.001), large aspect ratio (OR=1.493, p=0.024), AcoA (OR=2.209, p=0.016), MCA (OR=2.064, p=0.011), and present daughter sac (OR=3.317, p=0.001) were significantly associated with the treated group. However, cavernous ICA was associated with the observation group (OR=-0.420, p=0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that a high height of aneurysm (OR=1.906, p=0.001), a small aspect ratio (OR=0.493, p=0.006), the presence of daughter sac (OR=4.072, p=0.001), and young age (OR=0.959, p=0.001) were significantly associated with the treated group. Further associated with the treated group were AcoA and MCA (OR=3.729, p=0.022 and OR=4.110, p=0.009, respectively).

DISCUSSION

Our study found the following factors as significant between treated and observation group: age, smoke history, aneurysmal height and width, maximum diameter, aspect ratio, aneurysm located in AcoA.
MCA, Cavernous ICA and daughter sac. The significant factors for the treated group were different than those for the observation group and included the following: young mean age (58.49 years vs 61.9 years), more patients with a smoke history (25% patients vs 13% patients), high height (5.13 mm vs 3.37 mm ) and width (5.62 mm vs 4.08 mm), a large maximum diameter (6.27 mm vs 4.27 mm), large aspect ratio(1.46 vs 1.18), more AcoA location (24% vs 12%), MCA (32% vs 19%), less cavernous ICA (16% vs 34%) and more daughter sac (56% vs 5%).
In a multivariate analysis, young age, high height, small aspect ratio, presence of daughter sac, and UIA located in AcoA and MCA were independently associated with the treatment group. The effect of age as a risk factor of the rupture of UIA has been consistently reported in the past. Rinkel et al. and Vlak et al. described a higher incidence rate of SAH among older populations22,32). In our study, young age was significantly associated with the treated group. This is presumably due to the reason that treatment is recommended and implemented in younger patients because of their better general condition than those of older patients. Several researchers reported that the size and location of aneurysm were predictors of UIA rupture. The International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms [ISUIA] in 1998 demonstrated a low rupture rate for an unruptured aneurysm smaller than 7 mm. A larger size and a posterior circulation site were predictors as independent risk factors of aneurysm rupture, and patients with a history of ruptured aneurysms were at higher risk9). A Japanese cohort study reported that the following factors increased the risk of rupture: aneurysms of 7 mm or larger, aneurysms located in posterior circulation except for PcoA, and aneurysms with a daughter sac10). While recent literature recommends treatment of aneurysm that are more than 4 mm in size and multilobular or aneurysms with bleb changes4), our study showed that the most commonly treated location was the MCA and the maximum diameter was 6.27±5.26 mm. Further, the location of the aneurysm in the AcoA and MCA is significantly associated with the treated group in the multivariate analysis. MCA was easier to access in surgical clipping, and there were more cases of surgery3,5,7,18,20,23,24,27,30). While the univariate study showed that high aneurysmal height, large aneurysmal width, large maximum diameter and large aspect ratio were significantly related to the treated group, the multivariate study showed that maximum diameter and aneurysmal width did not show any difference and high aneurysmal height, small aspect ratio and daughter sac were significantly associated with the treatment group2,12,14,21). Contrary to previous studies, our study implies that a low aspect ratio was related to the treatment group25,29).
Some known risk factors did not show a significantly difference. While a female gender has been reported as risk factor in some studies10,28), more incidences of ruptured aneurysm are found in women than in men32), and, in our study the female gender was the dominant gender of total patients. However the gender was not associated with the treated group. Hypertension was a controversial risk factor as hypertension did not significantly increase the risk of rupture10). However, in other study hypertension is a major risk factor for subarachnoid hemorrhage19,32). In our study, hypertension did not show a significant difference between the treated and the observation group. Several researchers reported smoking history, alcohol history and previous episode of SAH as risk factors for UIA rupture8,10,11,15,31). In our analysis, the smoke history was significantly related to the treated group in the univariate study but not in the multivariate study, and alcohol use was not statistically significant in both analyses. In our study, we excluded patients who underwent previous episodes of SAH and symptomatic aneurysm. Further investigations of a larger number of patients is warranted to determine any significant relationships.
The indication for UIA in our institution is for patients with a tolerable whole body condition, with an aneurysm height of 5 mm or more, and with the UIA located in AcoA or MCA with or without a daughter sac. Furthermore, treatment of UIA located in MCA was usually performed by surgical clipping. Conversely, Cavernous ICA or posterior circulation aneurysms are performed mainly by endovascular treatment.
Our study has some limitations. Patient data were collected and analyzed at a single center, as a consequence, the potential for bias in treatment choice and conservative management may exist. The number of patients who were enrolled in our study was relatively small. Especially for the group of PcoA and posterior circulation, which are known to have a high risk of rupture, there was no difference between the treatment group and the observation group. It is estimated that the bias was generated fromthe limit that the subject was relatively small. We did not consider statistical errors or differences in the tendency of the operator.

CONCLUSION

Management of UIA has never been straight forward. Decisions on treatment of UIA should be carefully made after investigation of many risk factors for rupturing. In the present study, we conclude that a young age, a small aspect ratio, a large aneurysmal height, a daughter sac, and some locations of aneurysm (AcoA, MCA) are associated with the treatment group. Prospective studies should be performed in larger sample sizes and more concise evaluation to make better decisions for the treatment of UIA.

NOTES

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Fig. 1.
Size measurement of Aneurysmal neck(A), width(B), height(C) in schematic diagram.
jnic-2018-00059f1.jpg
Table 1.
Comparison of the patients and aneurysmal characteristics between treated group and observation group
Treated group (279 patients) Observation group (100 patients) p-value
Age
Mean - yr 58.49 ± 10.71 61.9 ± 11.11 0.007
>70 yr – no (%) 47 (16%) 30 (30%) 0.002
No.of females (%) 195 (69%) 73 (73%) 0.610
Hypertension (%) 164 (58%) 52 (52%) 0.242
Diabetes mellitus (%) 29 (10%) 12 (12%) 0.708
Ischemic stroke (%) 9 (2%) 1 (1%)
Cardiac disease (%) 17 (5%) 5 (5%)
Smoke history (%) 70 (25%) 13 (13%) 0.011
Alcohol (%) 70 (25%) 24 (24%) 0.893
Others 53 (18%) 18 (18%)
Size of aneurysms Mean ± SD (mm)
 Neck 3.60±1.51 3.34±1.78 0.153
 Height 5.13±3.39 3.37±3.30 0.001
 Width 5.62±5.09 4.08±3.77 0.006
 Maximum diameter 6.27±5.26 4.27±4.04 0.001
Aspect ratio (%) 1.46±0.79 1.18±1.61 0.027
Location of aneurysms (%)
 Anterior communicating artery 68 (24%) 12 (12%) 0.016
 Posterior communicating artery 31 (11%) 11 (11%) 0.570
 Middle cerebral artery 91 (32%) 19 (19%) 0.010
 Cavernous ICA* 46 (16%) 34 (34%) 0.001
 Internal carotid artery 26 (9%) 13 (13%) 0.338
 Basi lar toptop 7 (2%) 6 (6%) 0.114
 Vertebrobasilar artery 10 (3%) 5 (5%) 0.554
Daughter sac 56 (20%) 5 (5%) 0.001

* Internal carotid artery.

Table 2.
Univariate analysis between treated group and observation group
Clinical characteristics OR Univariate analysis
p-value
95% CI for OR (Lower-upper)
Age 0.970 0.949-0.992 0.007
No.of females 0.859 0.515-1.430 0.558
Hypertension (Positive) 0.760 0.480-1.202 0.241
Diabetes mellitus (Positive) 1.176 0.575-2.404 0.658
Smoke history (Positive) 2.252 1.184-4.283 0.013
Alcohol user (Positive) 0.921 0.541-1.568 0.761
Size of aneurysms Mean ± SD – mm
 Neck 1.126 0.956-1.325 0.155
 Height 1.340 1.170-1.535 0.001
 Width 1.142 1.038-1.256 0.006
 Maximum diameter 1.192 1.077-1.319 0.001
Aspect ratio (%) 1.493 1.053-2.115 0.024
Location of aneurysms (Positive)
 Anterior communicating artery 2.209 1.161-4.204 0.016
 Posterior communicating artery 1.011 0.488-2.097 0.976
 Middle cerebral artery bifurcation 2.064 1.180-3.608 0.011
 Cavernous ICA* 0.420 0.248-0.710 0.001
 Internal carotid artery 0.688 0.388-1.397 0.301
 Basilar top 0.403 0.132-1.230 0.110
 Vertebrobasilar artery 0.706 0.235-2.119 0.535
Daughter sac (Positive) 3.317 2.028-5.427 0.001

OR: Odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval.

* Internal carotid artery.

Table 3.
Multivariate analysis between treated group and observation group
Clinical characteristics OR Multivariate analysis
p-value
95% CI for OR (Lower-upper)
Age 0.959 0.934-0.984 0.001
Height 1.906 1.445-2.513 0.001
Neck 0.783 0.611-1.004 0.054
Aspect ratio 0.493 0.299-0.814 0.006
Shape(Daughter sac; Positive) 4.072 2.295-7.223 0.001
Anterior communicating artery 3.729 1.213-11.463 0.022
Middle cerebral artery bifurcation 4.110 1.423-11.868 0.009

OR: Odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval.

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